The Thule-Gesellschaft (Thule Society) was founded August 17, 1918, by Rudolf von Sebottendorff. Its original name was Studiengruppe für germanisches Altertum (Study Group for German Antiquity), but it soon started to disseminate anti-republican and anti-Semitic propaganda. It was instrumental in the foundation of the Deutsche Arbeiter-Partei (German Workers' Party) which later became the NSDAP (Nazi Party). It had members from the top echelons of the party, including Rudolf Hess> and Alfred Rosenberg, though not Adolf Hitler. Its press organ was the Münchener Beobachter (Munich Observer) which later became the Völkischer Beobachter (People's Observer.
The symbol associated with the Thule group was a dagger.
1918 November 9 After losing the support of his generals, Kaiser Wilhelm II was forced to abdicate and the Second Reich collapsed. Chancellor Prince Max von Baden turned over the German government to Frederich Ebert who later that same day officially proclaimed the formation of a new German Socialist Republic at the Reichstag in Berlin. Kaiser Wilhelm relocated himself to Holland where he died in 1940.
Adolf Hitler, a 29-year-old messenger from the Western Front who had been temporarily blinded in a mustard gas attack, heard the news of the Kaiser's abdication and suffered a relapse of blindness. In his book Mein Kampf, Hitler said that during that same night he experienced what he called a "supernatural vision" and recovered his sight only after vowing to God that he would dedicate his life to politics.
At an evening meeting of the Thule Society in Munich, Grandmaster Sebottendorff, delivered an impassioned speech to his disillusioned brothers, saying:
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1923 November 9 In Munich, the Beer Hall Putsch was crushed by German troops loyal to the democratic government. The event began the evening before when Adolf Hitler took control of a beer hall full of Bavarian government leaders at gunpoint.
1925 November 9 Hitler and his comrades gather in Munich to solemnly commemorate the sixteen Nazis martyrs who had died on November 9. November 9th served as an unofficial Nazi holiday until 1933, when Hitler officially declared it an annual national holiday.
1930 November 9 The Gauleiter (regional party leader) of the state of Hesse sought permission to lay wreaths on this date at the graves of German soldiers killed in WWI and buried in Catholic cemeteries.
His request was denied by the Church on the ground that political parties whose ultimate outlook on life conflicted with Church doctrine could not be allowed to hold such ceremonies on Catholic soil.
1932 November 9 Leon Nicole, leader of the Bolsheviks in Switzerland, and his assistant, a Russian Jew named Dicker, instigated an uprising that results in the deaths of 13 people. More than a hundred were injured.
1933 November 9 Hitler officially declared November 9th an annual German national holiday. A huge Blutzeuge celebration was held in Munich. At midday, the march from the Bürgerbräukeller over the Ludwig Bridge to the Feldherrnhalle -- which ended so badly in 1923 -- was reenacted.
Hitler and the surviving members of the original march, including the Freikorps fighters (without General Ludendorff) silently trod the same fateful path through the streets of Munich.
The Carillon in the city hall played the Horst Wessel Song, when the marching columns reached the Marienplatz. A small bronze memorial honoring the dead of 1923 was unveiled by Hitler after a moving speech.
1938 November 9 The night of November 9th, 1938 came to be known as Kristallnacht (The Night of Broken Glass) outside Germany and as The Night of the Pogrom within the nation.
That night the Nazis were said to have looted and then destroyed thousands of Jewish homes and businesses in every part of the country.
One source says that the Nazis supposedly set fire to 191 synagogues, killed over ninety Jews, and sent thirty thousand others to concentration camps. Other sources give entirely different numbers.
1989 November 9 Fall of the Berlin Wall. On the 9th of November, 1989, the Border separating Western from Eastern Germany was effectively opened.
The following days were most unusual for the whole of Germany - considering the usual German ways, one could almost speak of anarchy: Shops stayed open as long as they wanted (the usual, mandatory closing time was 6:30pm in 1989), a GDR passport served as a free ticket for public transport, and in general there were more exceptions than rules in those days.
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